Keratoconus: Symptoms and Treatment

 

Keratoconus is an eye condition in which the cornea gradually becomes thinner and progressively bulges outward into a cone-like shape. As the cornea loses its normal round curvature, light entering the eye is no longer focused properly, leading to distorted vision and a decline in visual quality.

Keratoconus has traditionally been most commonly diagnosed in individuals in their 20s and 30s. However, in recent years, cases have increasingly been identified in adolescents as well as adults over the age of 40. As a result, it is considered an eye condition that can affect people of all ages and requires ongoing attention and early detection.

▲ Healthy Cornea

▲ Keratoconus

Keratoconus is a condition in which the cornea becomes progressively thinner and begins to bulge forward from its central area, gradually developing a cone-like shape. During this process, patients may experience not only visual deterioration but also discomfort or pain in some cases.

The condition can be influenced by both congenital and genetic factors. However, it may also develop due to environmental and behavioral factors such as frequent eye rubbing, allergic conditions like atopic disease, or prolonged use of improperly fitted contact lenses, all of which can place chronic stress on the cornea.

In addition, certain genetic disorders such as osteogenesis imperfecta, Down syndrome, and Ehlers-Danlos syndrome may increase the risk of developing keratoconus.

One of the most concerning aspects of keratoconus is that early symptoms are often difficult for patients to recognize. As the condition progresses, astigmatism and myopia may worsen, leading to persistent visual decline and increasing difficulty in daily activities. For this reason, timely diagnosis and appropriate management are essential.

Keratoconus typically begins with reduced contrast sensitivity and may gradually progress to symptoms such as glare, light sensitivity, and visual distortion. As corneal protrusion becomes more severe, irregular astigmatism can develop, which may be accompanied by discomfort or pain.

If left untreated for an extended period, keratoconus can progress to acute keratoconus or corneal hydrops, and in severe cases may ultimately lead to permanent vision loss. Therefore, regular ophthalmic examinations and timely intervention are crucial to preserving long-term eye health.